絨毛乳菇

絨毛乳菇
	查看產生下列表格的真菌學模板真菌形态特徵
	子實層上有菌褶
	蕈傘為凸面或扁平
	子實層自基部沿蕈柄向下生長
	蕈柄裸露
	孢印乳色或黃色
	菌根真菌
	不建議食用

絨毛乳菇
科学分类
界：	真菌界 Fungi
门：	担子菌门 Basidiomycota
纲：	傘菌綱 Agaricomycetes
目：	紅菇目 Russulales
科：	紅菇科 Russulaceae
属：	乳菇属 Lactarius
种：	絨毛乳菇 L. torminosus
二名法
	Lactarius torminosus; (Schaeff.（英语：Jacob Christian Schäffer）) Gray (1821)
異名
	列表 Agaricus torminosus Schaeff. (1774); Galorrheus torminosus (Schaeff.) P.Kumm. (1871); Lactifluus torminosus (Schaeff.) Kuntze (1891); Agaricus intermedius sensu Krombholz (1887); Lactarius intermedius sensu Krombholz (1887); Agaricus cilicioides Fr. (1821); Lactarius cilicioides (Fr.) Fr. (1838); Galorrheus cilicioides (Fr.) P. Kumm. (1871); Lactarius torminosus var. cilicioides (Fr.) Quél. (1886); Lactifluus cilicioides (Fr.) Kuntze (1891); Lactarius torminosus subsp. cilicioides (Fr.) Konrad & Maubl. (1935); Lactarius intermedius Krombh. ex Berk. & Broome (1881); Lactarius cilicioides var. albus Peck (1885); Lactarius cilicioides subsp. intermedius Krombh. ex Sacc. (1887); Lactifluus intermedius Krombh. ex Kuntze (1891); Lactarius citriolens var. intermedius (Krombh. ex Kuntze) Krieglst. (1999); Lactarius torminosus f. albida Killerm. (1933); Lactarius torminosus var. gracillimus J.E. Lange (1938); Lactarius torminosus var. gracillimus J.E. Lange (1940); Lactarius torminosus var. typicus Kühner & Romagn. (1953); Lactarius torminosus var. sublateritius Kühner & Romagn. (1954); Lactarius nordmanensis A.H. Sm. (1960); Lactarius torminosus var. nordmanensis (A.H. Sm.) Hesler & A.H. Sm. (1979);

絨毛乳菇（學名：Lactarius torminosus）又稱疝疼乳菇，是乳菇屬的一種真菌，最早於1774年由德國真菌學家雅各布·舍費爾（英语：Jacob Christian Schäffer）發表描述，當時被歸入傘菌屬中^[2]；1821年又由塞缪尔·弗里德里克·格雷改置於乳菇屬^[1]^[3]，其種小名torminosus意為「折磨人的、造成腹痛的」，指生食本種後會產生腸胃不適的症狀^[4]。2011年紅菇科類群因分子證據而發生許多分類改動，本種由此被作為乳菇屬的模式種^[5]^[6]。絨毛乳菇分布於歐洲、北非、亞洲與北美洲等北半球的溫帶至副極地地區^[7]^[8]。

絨毛乳菇的蕈傘直徑為2—12公分^[9]，呈淡粉紅色至橘色^[9]，菌髓為白色；蕈柄長1.5—8公分，粗0.6—2公分，呈淡粉紅色或稍帶橘黃色^[9]，有時近地處可見白色的菌絲體^[10]；孢子印為乳白色至淡黃色，擔孢子為球形至橢球形，顏色透明，長8—10.2微米，寬5.8—6.6微米，表面具突起的飾物^[9]。本種之下有一變種L. torminosus var. nordmanensis，分布於北美洲^[11]^[12]。

絨毛乳菇的口感嗆辣^[13]，有些學者形容其有毒^[4]^[14]，或指其可導致程度不一的腸胃炎^[15]。食用本種後可能出現的症狀包括頭暈、嘔吐與嚴重腹瀉等^[16]。但本種仍在東歐、北歐等地被食用^[17]^[7]。本種的辣味可能是來自绒白乳菇醛（英语：Velleral），為此菌防止動物捕食的機制^[18]。

絨毛乳菇可與樺木與鐵杉等樹木形成菌根^[9]，其子實體會被歐亞紅松鼠取食^[19]，且為部分果蠅與蕈蚋的繁殖場所^[20]。本種也可能被寄生真菌Hypomyces lithuanicus（英语：Hypomyces lithuanicus）感染^[21]。

參考文獻[编辑]

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Species synonymy: Lactarius torminosus (Schaeff.) Gray. Index Fungorum. CAB International. [2012-03-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-07）.
^ Schäffer JC. Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur icones [The Fungi that Grow in Bavaria and the Palatine, around Ratisbon] 4. Erlangen, Germany: Apud J.J. Palmium. 1774: 7–8 （拉丁语及德语）.
^ Gray SF. A Natural Arrangement of British Plants. London, UK: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy. 1821: 623.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Roody WC. Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. 2003: 107. ISBN 978-0-8131-9039-6.
^ Norvell LL. Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi: 16. Taxon. 2011, 60 (1): 223–26. doi:10.1002/tax.601023 .
^ Barrie FR. Report of the General Committee: 11. Taxon. 2011, 60 (4): 1211–14. doi:10.1002/tax.604026 .
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Roberts P, Evans S. The Book of Fungi. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. 2011: 193. ISBN 978-0-226-72117-0.
^ Schalkwijk-Barendsen HME. Mushrooms of Western Canada. Edmonton, Canada: Lone Pine Publishing. 1991: 215. ISBN 978-0-919433-47-2.
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 Ammirati JF, Traquair JA, Horgen PA. Poisonous Mushrooms of Canada: Including other Inedible Fungi. Markham, Ontario: Fitzhenry & Whiteside in cooperation with Agriculture Canada and the Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Supply and Services Canada. 1985: 275–76. ISBN 978-0-88902-977-4.
^ Bessette AR, Bessette AE, Harris DB. Milk Mushrooms of North America: A Field Guide to the Genus Lactarius. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. 2009: 257-258. ISBN 978-0-8156-3229-0.
^ Hesler LR, Smith AH. North American Species of Lactarius. Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan Press. 1979: 277-278. ISBN 978-0-472-08440-1.
^ Methven AS. New and interesting species of Lactarius from California. Mycologia. 1985, 77 (3): 472–82. JSTOR 3793204. doi:10.2307/3793204.
^ Arora D. All that the Rain Promises and More: A Hip Pocket Guide to Western Mushrooms. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. 1991: 19. ISBN 978-0-89815-388-0.
^ Groves JW. Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of Canada revised. Ottawa, Canada: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada. 1979: 57–58. ISBN 978-0-660-10136-1.
^ Elvin-Lewis MP, Lewis WH. Medical Botany: Plants Affecting Human Health. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. 2003: 61. ISBN 978-0-471-62882-8.
^ Reichl FX, Ritter L. Illustrated Handbook of Toxicology. Stuttgart, Germany: Thieme. 2011: 296. ISBN 978-3-13-149591-4.
^ Arora D. Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. 1986: 73. ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5.
^ Camazine S, Lupo TL Jr. Labile toxic compounds of the Lactarii: the role of the laticiferous hyphae as a storage depot for precursors of pungent dialdehydes. Mycologia. 1984, 76 (2): 355–58. JSTOR 3793113. doi:10.2307/3793113.
^ Grönwall O, Pehrson Å. Nutrient contents in fungi as a primary food of the red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris L.. Oecologia (Berlin). 1984, 64 (2): 230–31. Bibcode:1984Oecol..64..230G. JSTOR 4217450. PMID 28312343. S2CID 28125328. doi:10.1007/BF00376875.
^ Shorrocks B, Charlesworth P. The distribution and abundance of the British fungal-breeding Drosophila. Ecological Entomology. 1980, 5 (1): 61–78. S2CID 85392656. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1980.tb01124.x.
^ Rogerson CT, Samuels GJ. Agaricolous species of Hypomyces. Mycologia. 1994, 86 (6): 839–66. JSTOR 3760597. doi:10.2307/3760597.

[urlFungorum_synonymy-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Species synonymy: Lactarius torminosus (Schaeff.) Gray. Index Fungorum. CAB International. [2012-03-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-07）.

[Schäffer1774-2] Schäffer JC. Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur icones [The Fungi that Grow in Bavaria and the Palatine, around Ratisbon] 4. Erlangen, Germany: Apud J.J. Palmium. 1774: 7–8 （拉丁语及德语）.

[Gray1821-3] Gray SF. A Natural Arrangement of British Plants. London, UK: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy. 1821: 623.

[Roody2003-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Roody WC. Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. 2003: 107. ISBN 978-0-8131-9039-6.

[Norvell2011-5] Norvell LL. Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi: 16. Taxon. 2011, 60 (1): 223–26. doi:10.1002/tax.601023 .

[Barrie2011-6] Barrie FR. Report of the General Committee: 11. Taxon. 2011, 60 (4): 1211–14. doi:10.1002/tax.604026 .

[Roberts2011-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Roberts P, Evans S. The Book of Fungi. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. 2011: 193. ISBN 978-0-226-72117-0.

[Schalkwijk-Barendsen1991-8] Schalkwijk-Barendsen HME. Mushrooms of Western Canada. Edmonton, Canada: Lone Pine Publishing. 1991: 215. ISBN 978-0-919433-47-2.

[Ammirati1985-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 Ammirati JF, Traquair JA, Horgen PA. Poisonous Mushrooms of Canada: Including other Inedible Fungi. Markham, Ontario: Fitzhenry & Whiteside in cooperation with Agriculture Canada and the Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Supply and Services Canada. 1985: 275–76. ISBN 978-0-88902-977-4.

[Bessette_pp._257-8-10] Bessette AR, Bessette AE, Harris DB. Milk Mushrooms of North America: A Field Guide to the Genus Lactarius. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. 2009: 257-258. ISBN 978-0-8156-3229-0.

[S&H_pp.277-8-11] Hesler LR, Smith AH. North American Species of Lactarius. Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan Press. 1979: 277-278. ISBN 978-0-472-08440-1.

[Methven1985-12] Methven AS. New and interesting species of Lactarius from California. Mycologia. 1985, 77 (3): 472–82. JSTOR 3793204. doi:10.2307/3793204.

[Arora1991-13] Arora D. All that the Rain Promises and More: A Hip Pocket Guide to Western Mushrooms. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. 1991: 19. ISBN 978-0-89815-388-0.

[Groves1979-14] Groves JW. Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of Canada revised. Ottawa, Canada: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada. 1979: 57–58. ISBN 978-0-660-10136-1.

[Elvin-Lewis2003-15] Elvin-Lewis MP, Lewis WH. Medical Botany: Plants Affecting Human Health. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. 2003: 61. ISBN 978-0-471-62882-8.

[Reichl2011-16] Reichl FX, Ritter L. Illustrated Handbook of Toxicology. Stuttgart, Germany: Thieme. 2011: 296. ISBN 978-3-13-149591-4.

[Arora1986-17] Arora D. Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. 1986: 73. ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5.

[Camazine1984-18] Camazine S, Lupo TL Jr. Labile toxic compounds of the Lactarii: the role of the laticiferous hyphae as a storage depot for precursors of pungent dialdehydes. Mycologia. 1984, 76 (2): 355–58. JSTOR 3793113. doi:10.2307/3793113.

[Groenwall1984-19] Grönwall O, Pehrson Å. Nutrient contents in fungi as a primary food of the red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris L.. Oecologia (Berlin). 1984, 64 (2): 230–31. Bibcode:1984Oecol..64..230G. JSTOR 4217450. PMID 28312343. S2CID 28125328. doi:10.1007/BF00376875.

[Shorrocks1980-20] Shorrocks B, Charlesworth P. The distribution and abundance of the British fungal-breeding Drosophila. Ecological Entomology. 1980, 5 (1): 61–78. S2CID 85392656. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1980.tb01124.x.

[Rogerson1994-21] Rogerson CT, Samuels GJ. Agaricolous species of Hypomyces. Mycologia. 1994, 86 (6): 839–66. JSTOR 3760597. doi:10.2307/3760597.

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