紐約州人民訴當勞·特朗普案

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維基百科,自由的百科全書
紐約州人民訴當勞·特朗普案
法院紐約州最高法院
提交日期2023年3月30日
開始審理日期2024年4月15日
控罪一級偽造商業記錄英語falsifying business records罪(34項)
判例引注IND-71543-23[1]
法庭成員
Judge sitting胡安·默坎英語Juan Merchan

2023年3月30日,美國前總統當勞·特朗普曼克頓大陪審團起訴,涉嫌在2016年美國總統大選前向色情電影女演員史多美·丹尼爾支付掩口費一事而被曼克頓大陪審團起訴[2][3][4],成為首位被起訴的前任或現任美國總統[5][6][7],面臨34項一級偽造商業紀錄的指控[8][9][10]。在紐約,偽造商業紀錄是輕罪,但如果這樣做是為了進一步犯罪,則可能會成為重罪[11]。庭審不能保證審判醜聞,或者可能不會在起訴後的幾個月內安排[12]

起訴書於3月30日的工作日結束時提交給紐約州最高法院(紐約州的普通初審法院,而非該州的終審上訴法院)[13]。居住在佛羅里達州的特朗普於4月3日前往紐約市,預計將於4月4日下午向曼克頓地區檢察官辦公室投案[14][15]。出於安全考慮,其投案過程或將不公開[14]NBC新聞報導指,熟悉他傳訊的官員並不打算給他戴上手銬、關進牢房或拍照[16]。分析人士預計,特朗普將在被提審後獲釋[14]

調查過程中,特朗普口頭攻擊公訴人地方檢察官白艾荣,並指責他有政治動機[17]。特朗普打算於即將到來的2024年總統大選中繼續作為候選人,刑事指控並不會在法律上阻止他競選公職[3][18][19]。他和其助手對被起訴的消息感到驚訝[20]。他們認為檢察官會先通知其律師;相反,他們是從媒體得知這事[21]

2024年4月15日,案件正式開庭審理,庭審程序預計需時八個星期,至六月結束[22]

背景[編輯]

艷星封口費事件[編輯]

當勞·特朗普被控指示米高·科恩英語Michael Cohen (lawyer)斯多米·丹尼爾斯(圖)支付13萬美金封口費

2006年7月,美國電影艷星斯多米·丹尼爾斯內華達州的名人高爾夫球錦標賽上結識特朗普,當時特朗普在主持電視真人騷《飛黃騰達》,也已經與妻子梅拉尼亞·特朗普結婚,兩人的孩子巴倫·特朗普也已經出生[23]。據丹尼爾斯透露,特朗普邀請她到哈拉斯太浩湖英語Harrah's Lake Tahoe的頂層豪宅遊玩[24],兩人在房間裏發生性關係,特朗普提出邀請她上《飛黃騰達》的計劃[25][26]。2011年,丹尼爾斯打算將兩人的故事賣給八卦雜誌《生活與風格英語Life & Style (magazine)》,開價15萬美金,彼時特朗普計劃參選總統。隨後《生活與風格》請求特朗普集團評論事件,特朗普的律師米高·科恩英語Michael Cohen (lawyer)揚言起訴之。同年10月,丹尼爾斯的經紀人吉娜·羅德里格斯英語Gina Rodriguez (pornographic actress)將故事透露給八卦新聞博客「The Dirty」,相關帖文在特朗普律師投訴後下架,丹尼爾斯也質疑貼文真偽[27]

特朗普正式啟動總統競選活動後,羅德里格斯與多家媒體接洽,計劃把故事賣出去。當時《華盛頓郵報》已經披露了特朗普與主持人比利·布殊英語Billy Bush討論下流話題的錄像,《國家問詢報》順勢買下丹尼爾斯的故事。事後考慮到這樁醜聞會影響特朗普的選情,《國家問詢報》把故事壓了下來。不過《國家問詢報》並未向丹尼爾斯支付報酬,而是改由總編迪倫·霍華德英語Dylan Howard安排丹尼爾斯與科恩簽訂保密協議,當中列明科恩要向丹尼爾斯支付13萬美元封口費。隨着大選日益臨近,科恩遲遲未向丹尼爾斯支付封口費。最終丹尼爾斯的律師基思·戴維森英語Keith Davidson在2016年10月撕毀保密協議,科恩意識到醜聞即將敗露,匆匆從房屋淨值信貸額度英語home equity line of credit中提款,通過一家在特拉華州空殼公司轉錢[27][24]

一開始,特朗普並不知道給丹尼爾斯支付封口費的事情。2018年4月,他在空軍一號上告訴記者,他不知道科恩從哪裏得到的錢[28]。然而,特朗普另一位律師魯迪·朱利安尼在接受霍士新聞專訪時否認了特朗普的說法,稱特朗普其實對事件知情[29]。特朗普向科恩寫了幾張支票,總額高達42萬美金,一部分用來報銷科恩給出的封口費,一部分用給科恩找人操縱網絡民意調查結果,以提升自己的聲望。其中支付給科恩的部分有36萬美金,其中一半用來抵扣稅,另外還有6萬美金。上述款項於2017年,也就是特朗普就任總統的第一年支出[30]。特朗普對外宣稱給科恩的錢是律師費,如果這項行為構成誤導,按照紐約州法律會被視為輕罪。檢察官考慮過支付給科恩的錢是否合法,因為根據紐約州法律,變造商業記錄以掩蓋罪行是E級重罪英語Class E felony[31]

與凱倫·麥克道格的艷遇[編輯]

2006年至2007年,美國模特、演員凱倫·麥克道格與特朗普艷遇。在特朗普2016年競選美國總統的時候,麥克道格向《國家問詢報》推銷他們的情事,《國家問詢報》以15萬美元買下。雙方交易於2016年10月被《華爾街日報》披露[32]。雙方的交易之所以促成,是因為特朗普從1990年代開始,就已經結識了《國家問詢報》母公司美國媒體公司(American Media, Inc.)的行政總裁大衛·佩克英語David Pecker。而在公司內部,特朗普被稱為「佩克的老友」。麥克道格認為這個故事無論如何都會公之於眾,因為當時《花花公子》雜誌的一位模特在Twitter上提到兩人的事情[33]

特朗普大廈門衛[編輯]

2018年4月,《紐約客》披露了前特朗普大廈門衛迪諾·薩祖丁(Dino Sajudin)的故事。據薩祖丁透露,特朗普在1980年代與一名前僱員育有一子。薩祖丁於2015年底就相關事件與《國家問詢報》的母公司美國媒體公司達成協議,薩祖丁獲3萬美元報酬,確保《國家問詢報》享有故事的獨家版權。2015年11月,為了驗證故事真偽,《國家問詢報》派員監視涉事女子與其女兒的住所,並聘請刑事調查員米高·曼庫索(Michael Mancuso)協助。雖然外界懷疑薩祖丁的故事純屬捏造,多名接觸《紐約客》的消息人士還是認為American Media支付給薩祖丁的報酬極不尋常。2017年,美聯社對事件展開調查。相關報道即將發表的時候,American Media要求壓下來。後來《紐約客》要求American Media置評,American Media旗下的Radar Online英語Radar Online旋即發文,聲稱薩祖丁的事情是假的。《紐約客》未能驗證事件真偽[34]

曼克頓大陪審團的調查[編輯]

2018年1月,《華爾街日報》披露科恩向丹尼爾斯支付封口費的事件[35]。同年8月,科恩承認八項相關刑事罪行,也承認向麥克道格付錢。在認罪書中,科恩供出特朗普牽涉事件,稱自己按照「聯邦職務候選人」指示行事[36]。2018年12月,科恩被判三年監禁[37]

科恩認罪後,曼克頓地區檢察官小賽勒斯·范斯英語Cyrus Vance Jr.對特朗普集團及其兩位高管展開調查[38]。後來美國紐約南區檢察官英語United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York對特朗普展開另外調查,范斯的調查被迫暫停。據范斯在特朗普被正式起訴後透露,當時紐約南區檢察官要求他「放手」,他同意了[39]。2019年7月,紐約南區檢察官宣佈調查行動結束,但不會起訴特朗普,因為司法部明令禁止起訴在位總統[40]。2019年8月,曼克頓地區檢察官辦公室向特朗普集團發出傳票,要求上交涉及相關款項的文件[41]。與此同時,辦公室又向會計事務所瑪澤發出傳票,要求提供特朗普過去8年的公司納稅申報表[42]。隨後特朗普律師團隊起訴范斯,理由是美國總統有免於刑事調查權利,目的是將傳票截下來[43]。這起名叫「特朗普訴萬斯案」的案件在美國最高法院審理,范斯得到最高法大法官7票支持、2票反對,可以繼續發出傳票[44]

2020年12月,曼克頓地區檢察官升級調查行動,對德意志銀行和保險經紀公司怡安集團的員工展開調查[45]。2021年2月,美國最高法再裁定曼克頓檢察官辦公室可以獲取特朗普的納稅記錄[46],隨後最高法拿到了這些文件[47]。此外,曼克頓檢察官辦公室開始重點關注特朗普集團的財務總監艾倫·魏塞爾貝格[48],同年7月指控特朗普集團策劃避稅[49]

後來在2021年紐約縣地區檢察官選舉英語2021 New York County District Attorney election中勝選的白艾荣接任范斯,出任曼克頓地區檢察官[50]。2022年2月,由白艾荣委託調查案件的檢察官馬克·F·波美蘭茨英語Mark F. Pomerantz凱瑞·鄧恩英語Carey Dunne宣告自行辭職,並指控白艾荣未有積極地對特朗普提出指控[51]。2022年,白艾荣始整年在調查案件[52],並將調查重點轉至封口費事件[53]。白艾荣當初在競選曼克頓地區檢察官時多次宣稱一旦當選就會逮捕並起訴特朗普,因此保守派質疑他不公正[54]

2023年1月,曼克頓地區檢察官辦公室組建23人大陪審團英語grand jury[55],持續提交特朗普在封口費事件中起關鍵作用的證據[56]。在正式起訴特朗普的前兩個月,大陪審團不斷聽取相關證據,一般在每個禮拜一或禮拜三開會聽取[55]。2023年3月,檢察官透露大陪審團很有可能會提出起訴[57]

2023年3月18日,特朗普高調宣佈自己將在下周被捕,要求支持者集會抗議可能出現的起訴[58][59]。特朗普的行為讓紐約當局大為緊張,紐約市警察局增派安保力量,為特朗普可能被起訴的3月21日做準備,但預計起訴時間後來被推遲到3月30日[55]。警方在特朗普大廈和曼克頓刑事法院大樓附近佈設金屬護欄[60]。據執法部門人士向路透社透露,警方將特朗普4月4日出庭之前,封閉法院周邊道路[61]。3月30日,也就是大陪審團投票同意起訴的前一天,一名匿名證人向大陪審團作證了半小時[62]

正式起訴前的言論[編輯]

3月18日,特朗普在Truth Social表示自己會在3月21日被捕,呼籲支持者「把我們的國家奪回來!」[58]。然而,《時代雜誌》表示響應美國暴動事件的特朗普大支持者和右翼團體猶豫不決[63]。3月20日,示威者在紐約青年共和黨人俱樂部英語New York Young Republican Club舉行示威活動,但現場的記者比示威者還多[64]

3月22日,特朗普在Truth Social發表兩幅對比圖,一張是戴着棒球帽的特朗普,一張是檢察官白艾荣[65]。這篇帖文最終被刪除,特朗普在採訪中表示相關帖文是在分享右翼博客「國家檔案英語National File」的文章,而對比圖就是這篇文章的內容[66]

3月23日,特朗普在Truth Social表示當局對自己的「虛構指控」可能會造成死亡和破壞,而這對美國來說可能是災難,只有仇恨美國的「墮落精神病患者」才會指控他[65]

3月30日的起訴日期讓特朗普和他的律師團隊感到驚訝,他們都是從新聞上得知起訴時間。律師團隊還以為幾個禮拜後才會起訴,到時曼克頓檢察官辦公室會直接通知他們[67][68]

正式起訴[編輯]

4月3日晚,各大媒體在法庭外設置攝像機機位,為次日的報道做準備

3月30日,曼克頓大陪審團投票同意起訴特朗普[69]。當天,紐約州最高法院(該法院為負責審判重罪的普通法院,不是處理上訴的終審法院)簽發起訴書,相關指控被封存到特朗普到曼克頓刑事法院接受傳訊英語Arraignment[70][12]。根據起訴文件,特朗普涉嫌向史多美·丹尼爾支付封口費,以促進個人選情,相關行為違反了聯邦的競選活動財務法規。在商業文件中,這筆款項是特朗普付給律師米高·科恩英語Michael Cohen (lawyer)的「律師費」,但起訴文件認為這筆錢是用來報銷科恩先前支付給丹尼爾的封口費,這筆封口費同樣涉嫌違法。根據紐約州法律,偽造商業紀錄尚屬輕罪,但如果是為了掩蓋罪行偽造,就會構成聯邦重罪,具體要視乎負責案件的區域檢察官的判斷[71][72]。而由於起訴書尚未公開就提前洩密,這項行為涉及重罪,為此特朗普要求白艾荣辭職[73]

傳訊[編輯]

Four NYPD buses parked next to crowd control fences
紐約警方以警巴阻塞特朗普大廈入口道路兩側

2023年4月3日,特朗普的私人飛機特朗普版空軍一號英語Trump Force One棕櫚灘國際機場出發,前往拉瓜地亞機場。下機後特朗普隨車隊抵達特朗普大廈,在大樓內過夜[74][75]。曾為保羅·馬納福特辯護的律師從律師事務所辭職,全力負責特朗普的案件[76]。特朗普接受傳訊前夕,紐約警方在曼克頓區內部及附近地區增派警力;當局表示未發現暴力事件和抗議活動會發生的跡象[75]。紐約市長艾瑞克·亞當斯要求示威者和平集會[77]。代理紐約最高法院大法官胡安·默坎英語Juan Merchan擔任案件主審法官[78]。針對早前媒體機構提出現場直播法庭現場英語Courtroom photography and broadcasting,或是在法庭中使用電子設備的動議,默坎予以駁回,但是同意為攝像記者設立五片媒體區英語press pool[79][80]法庭素描英語Courtroom sketch畫家也會記錄審訊過程[81]。出於安全考慮,法庭的玻璃門會被遮罩[82]

2023年4月4日,特朗普的車隊抵達曼克頓刑事法院。特朗普在社交媒體發帖稱:「完全不能相信這種事情會在美國發生。MAGA[83]!」特朗普一進入法庭,就被警方拘留[84][85],但沒有被安排在拘留室等候[86]。在簽到和按手印後,特朗普沒有被戴上手銬,也沒有拍攝面部照片[87][88]。一小時後,特朗普步入法庭[89];他對34項重罪指控表示不認罪[90]。隨後起訴書公開,特朗普涉嫌「密謀破壞2016年大選公正」,被控34項一級偽造商業記錄罪[91][92]。傳訊過程中,默坎警告特朗普不要用社交媒體煽動暴力[93]。傳訊結束後,特朗普返回海湖莊園,當晚向支持者發表演說[74]

審理程序[編輯]

審前程序[編輯]

在特朗普接受傳訊的過程中,法庭設置了審前程序的截止日期,當中包括檢方向辯方提供審前披露英語Discovery (law)的截止日期[94]。而審前動議提交的截止日期則定在了2023年8月8日[94]。特朗普的代表律師喬·塔科皮納英語Joe Tacopina透露辯方會提交要求駁回起訴書的動議[95]。特朗普也可以提出消滅時效已到期、所有指控罪名(包括重罪)應該降級為輕罪的理由[94]。檢方須在2023年9月19日回應辯方的動議[94]

法庭宣佈下一次聆訊將於2023年12月4日在紐約進行[96]。特朗普方面請求在12月4日線上參與聆訊,但被拒絕[97]

庭審[編輯]

如果案件沒有被法庭駁回,則需要進行庭審[98]。在傳訊過程中,各方就庭審日期進行討論:檢方提出2024年1月,辯方駁回,認為應該改到2024年的晚些時候[94]。正如特朗普在之前的案件中所做的,這種策略被稱為「攻擊與拖延」,即在攻擊檢方和法官的同時儘可能拖長司法程序,最好是到2024年底,也就是大選的時候[99][100]。如果進入庭審階段,特朗普的前律師米高·科恩將擔任污點證人[101]。預計檢方還會安排丹尼爾斯作為證人[98]

特朗普如果被定罪,每項控罪刑期最長4年,而且需要連續服刑。不過,法官也可以選擇不判刑[102]。但如果特朗普成功當選下一任美國總統,定罪不會影響他上任[103]

庭審排期[編輯]

2024年初,原定於3月初審理的特朗普破壞選舉案英語Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)因特朗普提出上訴而推遲,使得本案如期在2024年3月25日開庭審理的可能性大大增加[104][105],將會是美國歷屆總統首次接受刑事審判[104]。2月15日,主審法官默坎確認開庭日期,同時駁回了特朗普要求撤銷案件的指控;特朗普到場確認[106]

2024年3月11日,特朗普的律師團隊以特朗普擁有總統豁免權英語presidential immunity為由,要求將案件推遲到聯邦破壞選舉案審結後開庭,理由是部分證據與牽涉行為發生在特朗普總統任內[107]。律師團隊指出,2018年4月,特朗普否認向記者支付封口費,並且在推特上為科恩的可靠性辯護[108]。3月11日的晚些時候,主審法官默坎指出特朗普團隊已經錯過了提交審前動議截止日期,表示任何一方都要經過他許可,才能提交額外的審前動議[107]。4月3日,默坎以超過時限為由駁回特朗普律師團隊的請求[109]

同樣在3月11日,特朗普要求將案件審理推遲到最高法院裁定他是否在聯邦破壞選舉案中享有總統豁免權。由於最高法院定於4月25日就該問題進行辯論,辯論結果有可能在這屆法院任期結束時都沒辦法出來,所以如果特朗普的動議獲得通過,本案的開庭時間會推遲到仲夏或更晚的時間[110][111]。最終默坎在4月3日駁回了特朗普的動議[112],理由是特朗普在離庭審只有兩個星期的時候提出這個動議,他有理由懷疑特朗普的「真誠及真實目的」[113]

3月18日,特朗普律師團隊再次提出延期,理由是審前輿論風向和曼克頓地區明顯存在的反特朗普傾向,可能會導致4月份選出的陪審團不夠公正。律師團隊引述了一份民意調查,顯示只有35%的受訪民眾認為特朗普在本案中有罪。律師還引述了科恩的「反骨」言論,例如說自己之所以入獄,是因為他的前老闆特朗普「就不是不能管住蘑菇大的老二」。3月25日,助理檢察官反駁律師團隊的說法,稱「公眾輿論不太可能衰減,審前都是被告方在煽風點火」[114]。4月8日,特朗普團隊請求上訴上訴法院推遲審理,以允許將審判轉移到其他縣,結果當天就被拒絕[115]

2024年3月,美國聯邦檢察官辦公室向曼克頓地區的檢察官提供了一份17萬頁的文檔,其中大部分屬於科恩在2017年向丹妮絲提供封口費的聯邦證據(較為明顯的證據已經在2023年6月轉交給特朗普的律師)[116][117][118]。特朗普的律師團隊以新文件出現為由,要求推遲庭審;曼克頓地區檢察官辦公室表示文檔中跟特朗普辯護有關的內容,只有300頁[119]。2024年3月15日,法官默坎將案件推遲到4月中旬開庭[120]。2024年3月25日,默坎將庭審日期定為4月15日,同時駁回了特朗普律師團隊要求進一步推遲的動議[119]

4月8日,特朗普方面要求推遲庭審,以便更換庭審地點(這項動議在當天被駁回[121])和就封口令提出上訴(這項動議在次日被駁回[122])。4月10日,特朗普方面以默坎沒有資格主持審理為由提出的推遲庭審動議被上訴法庭駁回[123]。4月12日,默坎駁回了特朗普方以媒體報道存在「偏見」為由提出的推遲動議[124]。4月15日,默坎要求特朗普4月25日必須到庭,禁止他到最高法院聆聽有關他在聯邦選舉案中是否持有總統豁免權的辯論[125]。默坎表示自己還不確定5月17日會不會進行庭審,但如果進展順利的話,他會批准特朗普在那天請假,去出席兒子巴倫的高中畢業典禮[126]

禁言令[編輯]

在2023年5月的聆訊,以及向法庭遞交地訴狀中,檢察官表達了特朗普可能會利用審前發現程序期間出現的證據攻擊涉案人士,包括目擊者[127]。主審法官默坎沒有就此發出禁言令,也未禁止特朗普公開評論案件[127]。相反,默坎發出保護令,設定了在社交媒體公開案件元素的規則,相關規則由他在聆訊中解釋(特朗普遠程參與)[128][129]

2024年2月26日,曼克頓檢察官請求對特朗普下達禁言令,稱特朗普在特朗普集團商業欺詐的民事訴訟英語New York business fraud lawsuit against the Trump Organization庭審過程中,通過社交媒體貶損法官的書記員,兩次違反禁言令,被罰款1.5萬美元。檢察官方面還表示,僅2023年一年,警方就收到89條對白艾荣及其家人、同事的威脅,而2022年只有一起這樣的威脅[130]。3月7日,默坎裁定,除了特朗普、特朗普的律師團隊及檢察官,陪審團將匿名英語Innominate jury參與審理[131]。3月26日,默坎正式對特朗普發出禁言令,限制他在公開場合談論涉案人士[132]。另外,由於特朗普公開表示辯方的目標是將庭審推遲至2024年總統選舉結束後,默坎警告辯方不要採用推延戰術,例如遲交審前動議,或是在最後一分鐘提出要求,違者將依藐視法庭論處[133][134]。3月26日,特朗普在網上發帖責罵封口令、默坎和默坎的女兒,其中對默坎女兒的批評起源於有人在社交媒體上冒充她發帖反特朗普[135][136][137]。同日,默坎再次發出禁言令,禁止特朗普公開評論,或是促使其他人發表針對法庭職員、檢察官,以及預定陪審員及其家人的言論,身為公眾人物的白艾荣及法官默坎不在保護範圍內[138][139]。特朗普還禁止特朗普評論將要出庭作證的證人[140]

3月27日和28日,特朗普繼續在社交媒體上談論默坎的女兒[139][141]。3月29日,檢察官要求明確禁言令中涉及法院工作人員家屬的部分,從而讓特朗普停止被他們認為是故意挑釁的行為[136][142]。4月1日,默坎將禁言令範圍擴大到自己和白艾荣的家人,稱攻擊他們是沒有法律依據的[143][144]。默坎還說特朗普持續發表攻擊性言論,對司法程序的公正性造成「非常真實」的威脅,可能會導致涉案人士對自己和家人感到擔憂,而這「無疑干擾到司法公正,直接攻擊法治原則本身」[145]。4月11日,特朗普繼續在社交媒體上辱罵目擊證人科恩和丹尼斯,說他們是不誠實的「卑鄙小人」[140]

4月15日,檢察官要求法官認定特朗普藐視法庭,同時以三項涉嫌違反禁言令的行為,對特朗普處以3000美元罰款[146]。檢方還要求將特朗普對科恩的攻擊列為證據[147][140][148]。4月18日早上,檢方指控特朗普又有七次違反禁煙令的行為,再請求罰款7000美元[146]。針對該項處罰的聆訊定於4月23日進行[149]

庭審過程[編輯]

2024年4月15日,案件正式審理,預計持續八個星期,至6月結束[150] with recessed Wednesdays.[151]。法院要求特朗普出席每天的庭審,除非獲法院批准缺席[152]。此外,特朗普無需出庭作證,如果想作證的,檢察官在默坎批准下可詢問他有關商業欺詐、性虐待和誹謗的民事訴訟[153]。律師托德·布蘭奇(Todd Blanche)和蘇珊·內切爾斯(Susan Necheles)在庭審中代表特朗普[154]

陪審員遴選[編輯]

2024年4月8日,法官默坎向特朗普律師團隊遞交了陪審員遴選調查問卷的副本[155],遴選工作於4月15日啟動[156][157],候選人多達500名[158]

遴選過程的前兩天,有96名陪審員候選人到場,其中超過一半表示無法做到公正裁決,隨即被法庭否掉。第一天有九名陪審員獲得臨時資格,第二天再有十名陪審員獲得資格[147][159][160]。19名獲得資格的人中,有7人正式獲選並宣誓就任。4月18日,有兩人辭任陪審員,其中一人稱朋友和家人通過媒體公佈的細節認出她[160][161][162]。4月16日,特朗普因與潛在的陪審員交談英語Jury tampering,被法官默坎訓斥[163]

到4月18日,12名陪審員,外加一名候補陪審員正式成立[146]。4月19日,新增六名候補陪審員[164][165],開場陳述定於4月22日進行[166]。選拔候補陪審員期間,一位名叫麥克斯韋·阿扎雷洛(Maxwell Azzarello)的佛羅里達州男子在法庭附近淡水池公園英語Collect Pond Park自焚,事件沒有影響庭審日程[167]

證人作證[編輯]

檢方證人[編輯]

大衛·佩克[編輯]

庭審第一個星期,檢方傳喚前《國家問詢報》出版人大衛·佩克英語David Pecker到庭作證[168]。2018年米高·科恩接受聯邦調查的時候,大衛·佩克獲赦免;作為交換條件,佩克需要向檢方提供有關封口費協議的情報[169]。據佩克在證詞中交代,目前住在澳大利亞的《國家問詢報》前編輯迪蘭·霍華德(Dylan Howard)患有「脊椎疾病」,無法到庭作證[168][170]。此前有報道指佩克與他的公司美國媒體公司英語American Media Inc.負責向麥克道格支付封口費,美國媒體公司就是《國家問詢報》的母公司[171]。而佩克本人拒絕對丹尼爾斯做同樣的事情[172][173],即便他提醒過特朗普斯托米要公開他們兩人的婚外情[174]。4月23日,佩克作證稱科恩科恩不斷給他提供特朗普敵人提供的負面情報,佩克的員工對這些情報進行「加工」,之後將初稿發給科恩審閱,在對方同意下發表[175]。庭上,佩克表示自己曾部署過一個「捕殺」(catch and kill)計劃,這個方案是他在2015年提出的,目的是壓下特朗普的負面新聞,同時記下所有曾向他兜售特朗普緋聞的女性[176]。檢方引用了一項與串謀有關的州選舉法,為他們盤問佩克與特朗普2016年競選團隊行政總裁史蒂芬·班農的關係做辯護[177]

4月25日,佩克作證稱美國媒體公司曾壓下其他名人的負面信息,這點在特朗普律師團隊進行盤問時被強調[178]。另外,佩克表示自己不認為科恩為特朗普的競選活動工作[179]。佩克提到2016年大選前自己與特朗普的關係,當時他壓下了跟特朗普有關的其他負面信息。佩克詳細介紹了他的公司、特朗普及科恩於2016年中旬向麥克道爾支付封口費,同時承諾每個月會為她捉刀一篇專欄文章,以掩蓋封口費合同的正式性質[178][180][181]。2016年9月,科恩稱要代表特朗普買下麥克道爾提供的數箱原材料,這些材料據佩克估計價值2.5萬美元。之後佩克告訴科恩,他不想償還支付給麥克道爾的費用。據佩克表示,2016年11月4日,也就是選舉投票日前夕,公司一名員工提前泄露了封口費方案的細節,事後佩克發了一篇虛假聲明,稱美國媒體公司從未向任何人支付封殺特朗普負面信息的款項。隨後公司修改了與麥克道爾的合約,允許麥克道爾接觸媒體[181]。佩克又回想起2017年1月在特朗普大廈,特朗普感謝他壓下麥克道爾緋聞及其他負面報道[181][182]占士·科米邁克·蓬佩奧賴因斯·普里巴斯肖恩·斯派塞等人在場[182]。佩克最終決定不負責向丹妮絲支付封口費(因為她是艷星),支付工作交由科恩完成[178]。佩克說,他是按照特朗普的意願行事,目的是幫助特朗普拿下總統任期,雖然他也擔心競選團隊會違反選舉資金法[181][183]。他還表示,2021年受到聯邦選舉委員會稱特朗普方面可能違反選舉法的信件後,他與聯邦檢察官簽署了一份不起訴協議,與檢方進行合作[181]

格拉夫、法羅、布朗寧和湯普森[編輯]

C-SPAN檔案執行主任羅伯特·布朗寧就證據真實性作證

特朗普執行助理羅娜·格拉夫英語Rhona Graff作證稱,她在特朗普大廈特朗普辦公室負責外勤工作的時候,一直和麥克道爾和丹妮絲保持聯繫[184],她「隱約記得」曾經在特朗普大廈的接待區見過丹妮絲一面[185]。接受辯方盤問期間,格拉夫說特朗普有時簽支票的時候會一心多用,這取決於「當時發生什麼事情」,以及「支票有多麼重要」[186][187]

曾供職於第一信託銀行的銀行家加里·法羅(Gary Farro)作證。證詞顯示,2016年10月26日,他幫助科恩開設一個用於某個房地產有限責任公司的銀行賬戶。檢方表示,當天,科恩將13.1萬美元的房屋淨值貸款存入賬戶,次日將其中13萬美元轉賬給丹妮絲的律師基斯·戴維斯(Keith Davidson)[185][188][189]。法羅協助科恩開設銀行賬戶,讓科恩用這個賬戶支付封口費。法羅交代,科恩一直想跟他聯繫,繼而在2016年10月開設了這個賬戶。法羅注意到這個賬戶是為「基本顧問有限公司」(Essential Consultants LLC)開設的,這家公司是封口費的支付方,其資源出自科恩在第一信託銀行的房屋淨值貸款[189][190]。法羅表示,科恩不想在支票中留下地址[189]。檢方遞交了科恩的來往電郵,證明支票賬戶開設的20分鐘後,就有一筆13.1萬美元的存款流入[190]。在戴維森與科恩的短訊來往中,戴維森指導科恩通過電匯方式轉出13萬封口費。法羅說,丹妮絲收封口費的消息曝光後,銀行關閉了科恩的賬戶[191]

C-SPAN檔案執行主任羅伯特·布朗寧(Robert Browning)確認了特朗普與Esquire Deposition Solutions地區董事菲利普·湯普森(Phillip Thompson)C-SPAN錄像的真實性。2022年10月,特朗普就E·讓·卡羅爾起訴誹謗案錄取口供的時候,Esquire Deposition Solutions為特朗普提供法院記錄員英語court reporter服務[192][193]。5月20日,檢方試圖聯絡布朗寧,看他能否就特朗普與他前保鏢基斯·席勒英語Keith Schiller的一張合照再次出庭作證[194][195]

基斯·戴維森、道格拉斯·道斯[編輯]

基斯·戴維森英語Keith Davidson曾是斯托米·丹妮絲與凱倫·麥克道爾的代表律師。基斯作證稱,當勞·特朗普錄影門讓丹妮絲找到了推銷緋聞的機會[196]。他起草了一份價值13萬美元的封口費協議,當中他以「佩吉·彼得森」(Peggy Peterson)和「大衛·丹尼森」(David Dennison)作為丹妮絲及特朗普的化名[197]。按照協議,封口費需要在2016年10月14日之前到賬。然而封口費沒有如期到賬,基斯聯繫了科恩[198],科恩會特朗普正在外出旅遊[199]。10月17日,戴維森致函科恩,稱協議無效,後續他不再擔任丹妮絲的代表律師[200](科恩於10月27日將自己的錢匯給了戴維森[201])。

戴維森還表示,2016年選舉之夜,他向迪倫·霍華德發消息,說「我們做了什麼」[197][202]。戴維森認為特朗普是封口費商談的幕後推手[203]。然而,他也承認科恩轉賬的方式,他也和霍華德以及丹妮絲的經紀人吉娜·羅德里格茲英語Gina Rodriguez (pornographic actress)討論了封口費協議。霍華德和吉娜沒有直接操作封口費交易,而是鼓勵戴維森多跟科恩聯繫。丹妮絲、戴維森和羅德里格茲也稱已經收到13萬的一部分。另外麥克道爾與美國媒體公司簽訂15萬協議的時候,戴維斯也參與其中[191]

5月2日,陪審團聽取了科恩與特朗普商討如何報銷佩克給麥克道爾支付的錢的錄音[204]。另外,科恩與特朗普討論丹妮絲封口費的錄音也在庭上放出,當中科恩提到自己和魏斯伯格商討支付封口費的安排,特朗普稱「讓我知道發生了什麼事,行不?」[205]另一段通話錄音中,科恩告訴戴維森:「我甚至不能告訴你(特朗普)跟我說了多少遍,我真的很討厭我們做這件事(指向丹妮絲支付封口費)[204]。」戴維森承認在2016年大選之夜向霍華德發消息,說「我們做了什麼」,霍華德回復「我的老天」[206]。戴維森解釋,這是在承認「我們的行為協助了總統選舉」,「有點黑色幽默的感覺」[207]。戴維森也確認,2018年2月13日向科恩發消息後,他向CNN記者克里斯·科莫發去聲明,證實科恩聲稱用個人資金向丹尼爾斯支付了13萬美元[208]。盤問階段,戴文森說自己從未私底下見過特朗普[204]

5月2日,檢方傳喚地方檢察官辦公室的計算機取證專家道格拉斯·道斯(Douglas Daus),就檢查科恩手機的情況作證。檢方向法庭出示的部分證物中,有一些是道斯發現的[209]

霍普·希克斯[編輯]

前白宮通訊聯絡主任霍普·希克斯做了一整天的證詞

5月3日,前白宮通訊聯絡主任英語White House communications director霍普·希克斯作證。她表示,《華爾街日報》的一位記者要她評論特朗普與麥克道爾的緋聞,她是這個時候才知道美國媒體公司付錢買下並斃掉這個報道[210]。針對《華爾街日報》的說法,霍普起草了一份聲明,科恩提供了反饋,但被特朗普推掉,特朗普跟霍普說麥克道爾的指控「純屬虛構」[211][212] which is how she was quoted by the Journal just days before the election.[213][171]。也是在這個時候,霍普才知道《華爾街日報》準備詳細報道丹妮絲的指控,特朗普指示霍普否認任何傳聞[214]。霍普說特朗普想盡辦法向妻子梅拉尼亞隱瞞兩起醜聞的報道[215][214],2018年初丹妮絲封口費事件東窗事發後,特朗普告訴妻子,科恩自願付錢給丹妮絲,以此來保護他。霍普認為,說科恩自願掏錢給丹妮絲,這跟他的性格完全不符[214]。特朗普問過霍普對丹妮絲的報道被輿論放大來看的看法,尤其是如果科恩沒在選前給丹妮絲支付封口費,這個醜聞會有怎樣的負面影響[212][216]。霍普曾聽過特朗普多次稱讚佩克在2016年大選期間對他在共和黨黨內的政敵進行負面報道[214]

霍普表示,當勞·特朗普錄影門攪渾了特朗普的競選活動[214]。雖然特朗普盡力消除事件的影響[217],競選陣營還是覺得外流錄影帶是「危機」[218]。霍普說外流錄影帶讓特朗普感到焦慮,因為特朗普想讓家人對他感到驕傲,不希望他們受到傷害或感到尷尬[219]。辯方盤問時,霍普說特朗普非常擅長一心多用[187]

麥康尼、塔拉索夫和富蘭克林[編輯]

特朗普集團財務總管傑弗里·麥康尼(Jeffrey McConney)就科恩獲得報銷作證[220]。2017年初,魏斯伯格指引麥康尼給科恩報銷[220][221][19],麥康尼指示公司薪資專員兼應付賬款主管黛博拉·塔拉索夫(Deborah Tarasoff)在商業記錄中將科恩的報銷金寫成「律師費」。麥康尼和黛博拉交代,這些錢在科恩與特朗普的律師聘用函英語retainer agreement中有寫明[220]。2017年3月,科恩的報銷支票從特朗普的私人銀行賬戶發出[220]。2017年,科恩在曼克頓中城翰宇國際律師事務所英語Squire Patton Boggs辦公室開設門店,之後就不再為特朗普工作,但仍稱自己是特朗普的私人律師[220]。庭上展示了科恩的大量發票信息以及麥康尼、塔拉索夫和魏斯伯格之間的電子郵件[220]。另外還有幾分經過審查的特朗普及其信託相關的幾份總賬文件,當中顯示特朗普向科恩支付了報銷款項[220]

在特朗普集團會計部門工作了24年的員工黛博拉·塔拉索夫作證,她表示公司向丹妮絲的公司支付款項[222][220]。據黛博拉介紹,她每天的職責是「審批賬單,將賬單錄入系統,剪碎支票」[223]。她說自己沒有決策權力,只是聽命令工作,但承認如果收到發票(包括寄給科恩的發票),她就會批准[221]。她又說,雖然自2015年以來超過1萬美元的發票都是由是特朗普本人,還是他兩位長子中的其中一位批准,特朗普的私人支票賬戶都只能由特朗普本人負責[221]。12張總值3.5萬的報銷支票由特朗普簽署,黛博拉將支票郵寄給科恩[221]。如果特朗普不批准黛博拉給公司寫的支票,可以在票據上寫「作廢」(void)[221]。2017年2月,埃里克·特朗普與魏斯伯格簽署的一張給科恩的7萬美元支票,就被特朗普作廢[221]。黛博拉說魏斯伯格「什麼事情都插手」[19]。在盤問中,黛博拉稱特朗普和魏斯伯格談論封口費的時候,她不在場[221]

企鵝出版集團高管薩莉·富蘭克林(Sally Franklin)作證,她的公司曾出版過幾本關於特朗普的著作。薩莉在庭上朗讀了《特朗普:如何致富英語Trump: How to Get Rich》和《特朗普:像億萬富翁一樣思考英語Trump: Think Like a Billionaire》的段落,當中特朗普表示,「如果你對正在做的時候無從入手,用回形針夾起來,你就會收到一些意想不到的驚喜」「這些年來,我一直在說,如果有人在罵你,罵回去就對了[224]。」

斯托米·丹尼爾斯[編輯]

封口費接收者斯托米·丹尼爾斯作證了兩天

斯托米·丹尼爾斯作證了兩天[225][226]。據她介紹,2006年,她在內華達州太浩湖名人高爾夫球賽英語American Century Championship結識特朗普,之後特朗普邀請她共進晚餐,兩人在他的酒店套房內發生性關係[225][227]。她說特朗普沒有戴安全套,也沒有醉酒吸毒[225]。性愛過程中,丹尼爾斯有斷片反應,事後回想起來還有些後怕[228][227],而這也是兩人唯一一次性交[229]。丹尼爾斯說特朗普想讓她參加《飛黃騰達》;隨後兩人通過幾次電話,特朗普繼續向她灌輸參賽的想法,還稱呼她「親愛的」,問什麼時候能再見面[224][227]。Daniels noted that she met with Trump on multiple occasions, with dozens of witnesses,[227] including a visit to Trump Tower and a final encounter with Trump in Los Angeles in 2007.[227]

In accepting the hush money, Daniels stated that she was not motivated by money (although this appeared to be contradicted by a text message between her and her manager Gina Rodriguez which suggested she was willing to accept the payment).[227] She stated that she had no part in the hush-money negotiations.[227] Daniels also laid out key information about the payment.[227] She maintained her previous allegation that someone threatened her in a Las Vegas parking lot, stating that she did not report it because it would have been upsetting to Trump.[227] Daniels stated that any violation of the hush-money agreement would have cost her a million dollars.[227]

During Daniels' testimony, Merchan sustained many defense objections.[227] He repeatedly admonished Daniels for giving answers that went beyond the scope of the question asked, and at one point interrupting Daniels' testimony, stopping her from describing the sexual position she and Trump used.[225][227] Merchan criticized the "degree of detail" on matters such as the floor size of the hotel suite.[224] In a sidebar英語Sidebar (law) conference, Merchan agreed with defense arguments that Daniels described things which were "better left unsaid" regarding the sexual encounter, but denied the defense's request for a mistrial, noting that the defense would have the opportunity to cross-examine Daniels.[225][227] Merchan set confines for Daniels' later testimony and directed the prosecution to encourage her to give shorter answers.[227] Afterward, Daniels gave shorter answers and hewed closer to the question asked.[225]

When testimony resumed, Daniels stated that her lawyer Keith Davidson received the $130,000 hush-money payment, and that she got $96,000 of it. She also acknowledged that she signed a statement dated January 10, 2018, in which she denied the affair, but testified that she did not want to sign it and that it was untrue.[227]

In its cross-examination, the defense questioned Daniels about her account of being traumatized by her encounter with Trump, suggesting that her pornographic career would have made the event unsurprising. Daniels explained that the first time she realized the meeting was intended to be sexual was upon coming out of the bathroom inside Trump's hotel, finding him stripped to his boxers; she elaborated that she was "not expecting [this from] a man twice [her] age".[228] Daniels acknowledged that she had contacted renowned high-profile sexual harassment attorney Gloria Allred英語Gloria Allred about potentially suing Trump for the encounter. Much of the cross-examination focused on questioning the accuracy of her allegation that she was threatened in a Las Vegas parking lot, which was revealed to have been disputed by Davidson via texts with Cohen. Despite accepting the hush money, Daniels maintained that her primary goal was to "get the story out".[227]

On May 9, Daniels concluded her testimony after hours of cross-examination.[226] Trump attorney Susan Necheles pressed Daniels on how she profited from her story and brought up minor inconsistencies in how she has told it.[226] Merchan again denied a defense motion for a mistrial.[230]

Manochio, Menzies, and Westerhout[編輯]

Former director of Oval Office Operations英語Oval Office Operations Madeleine Westerhout英語Madeleine Westerhout, pictured in 2019, testified over parts of two days

On May 9, Rebecca Manochio, a junior bookkeeper at the Trump Organization, testified for about a half-hour. She had provided evidence to the prosecution.[231][232] Tracy Menzies, a senior vice president at HarperCollins, then testified about the accuracy of certain excerpts from the book Think Big: Make It Happen in Business and Life英語Think Big and Kick Ass, which Trump had co-authored.[233]

Trump's director of Oval Office Operations英語Oval Office Operations in 2019 and former Secretary to the President英語Secretary to the President of the United States between 2017 and 2019, Madeleine Westerhout英語Madeleine Westerhout, also began testifying the same day.[226][230] She stated that Republican National Committee officials she was working with in 2016 discussed how to replace Trump as the Republican presidential nominee due to concern about the damaging Access Hollywood tape.[234] She also noted how she set up a meeting between Cohen and Trump in February 2017, and how the meeting led to Trump Organization employees sending reimbursement checks to the White House—which Trump would then sign and send to Cohen—through a circuitous mail system.[235] She was in tears when discussing how Trump fired her, reportedly in response to her telling reporters that she had a better relationship with him than his daughters.[236]

Westerhout resumed testifying on May 10.[235] During cross-examination, Westerhout appeared to side with defense arguments that Trump used alternatives to the White House mail system because he wanted to get mail to people more quickly.[235]

Dixon, Tomalin, Longstreet, and Jarmel-Schneider[編輯]

For the latter part of May 10, four other witnesses testified.[237] Among these witnesses were Jennie Tomalin (a Verizon senior analyst), Daniel Dixon (an AT&T compliance analyst), and Jaden Jarmel-Schneider (a paralegal from the Manhattan DA's office).[235] In successive testimonies, Dixon and Tomalin would authenticate cell phone records which were used as trial evidence.[235] Georgia Longstreet, another paralegal from the Manhattan DA's office, again testified after previously doing so days prior.[235] Longstreet also showed some of Trump's old tweets, as well as texts between Gina Rodriguez and Dylan Howard.[235] Jarmel-Schneider then showed a chart which summarized 34 business records which prosecutors say were falsified.[235]

Michael Cohen[編輯]

Michael Cohen英語Michael Cohen (lawyer), pictured in 2019, testified over four days.

On May 13, Michael Cohen, Trump's former "fixer英語Fixer (person)" and attorney (who is considered the case's star witness), began testifying.[238] He would give 17 hours of testimony over four days.[239]

On May 13, Cohen acknowledged that he, Trump and David Pecker conspired to suppress negative stories and promote positive stories about Trump during the 2016 election.[238] He said his work in this matter "was at the direction of and benefit of Mr. Trump", stating that "Everything required Mr. Trump's sign-off."[240] By email (shown as evidence), Cohen informed the National Enquirer that Trump did not want them to report his affair with a "Penthouse Pet".[238] Cohen specified his role in the Enquirer's first catch-and-kill story for Trump, about a Trump Tower doorman who alleged that Trump had fathered a child out of wedlock.[238] Cohen detailed his role in the hush-money payment to McDougal, stating that he monitored progress by text, phone and the Signal app.[238] He repeated that he communicated by "phone, email and text" with McDougal, Daniels and Keith Davidson.[238][241] By text message, Cohen told Dylan Howard that he was making the payments on Trump's behalf.[238] He further noted that after Pecker refused to pay for the Daniels story, he took over as funder of "catch-and-kill operations".[238]

Cohen acknowledged Hicks's testimony about the conversation over the McDougal payment press coverage.[238] According to Cohen, he and everybody at the organization had contact with Weisselberg.[238] He further accused Weisselberg of providing him with the financial advice concerning the payment to McDougal, stating that it foreshadowed the way he arranged for the Daniels payment.[238] Cohen said he first spoke to Trump about the Daniels allegation in 2011 after it was leaked to The Dirty, and that Trump called her "a beautiful woman" (having said the same about McDougal) and said they had met in 2006 at a golf outing and that she had liked him more than football star "Big Ben". Cohen said Trump did not respond when he asked if he had had sex with her and that Trump took him up on his offer to get the story taken down.[241]

Cohen said the release of the Access Hollywood tape was viewed as a campaign liability and that Trump afterwards directed him to pay Daniels to avoid "catastrophic" damage.[238][241] Cohen said that he viewed supermarket tabloids like the National Enquirer to be influential in reaching voters[238] and that Trump was concerned about the effect Daniels' story could have had on female voters.[238] Cohen stated that Trump told him: "Just pay it. There's no reason to keep this thing out there. Just do it."[242] Cohen testified that Weisselberg told him to not make the payment through the Trump Organization and instead to come up with a more creative way to do it.[238] Cohen said that he and Weisselberg discussed processing the $130,000 through one of Trump's golf courses as if it were a membership or event fee but they decided against it. When Weisselberg said he lacked the personal finances, Cohen agreed to pay it.[242] Cohen said he suggested the idea of including a clause in the nondisclosure agreement penalizing Daniels $1,000,000 every time she told her story.[238] After Trump's 2016 election victory, Weisselberg and Cohen discussed the reimbursement plan in Trump's 26th-floor office, and Weisselberg coordinated the repayments to Cohen.[238] A bank statement for Essential Consultants LLC from the end of October 2016 was presented, which showed the $130,000 sent to Keith Davidson and featured a note Cohen said was handwritten by Weisselberg. It showed the doubling of the $180,000 reimbursement—$130,000 for Daniels plus $50,000 for money Trump owed Cohen for paying tech company Red Finch (to poll for the Trump campaign and promote Cohen on Twitter as something of a sex symbol)—so that Cohen would receive the full amount after paying 50% in taxes, plus a $60,000 year-end bonus, totaling $420,000. Cohen said it occurred to him that Weisselberg and Trump had planned this reimbursement scheme in advance and that Weisselberg had said in Trump's presence that the monthly payments would function in the guise of a retainer agreement.[243][220]

Cohen testified that he aspired to be a personal lawyer to the president but that Trump, instead of granting him this role, significantly cut his 2016 bonus. Cohen said his relationship with Trump was falling apart at this time. He said his work for Trump boosted his personal career, including by securing more prominent clients.[238]

On May 14, Cohen said he sent the Trump Organization false invoices requesting money for "services rendered". He said that, in February 2017, he confronted Trump in the Oval Office over his lack of repayment.[244] He said he lied about Daniels to protect Trump (while also "staying on Trump's message" by lying about the Trump Tower Moscow英語Trump Tower Moscow project).[245] Cohen testified that, in January 2018, he pressured Davidson to have Daniels sign a false statement denying the affair and payment, which Daniels signed on January 30, and also offered her an appearance on Fox News with Sean Hannity.[246][247] Cohen testified that Daniels also wanted an appearance on Fox News' Hannity英語Hannity, which she did not go through with.[248][247] Cohen also testified that he decided to stop lying for Trump following a meeting he had with his family shortly before his 2018 guilty plea.[248] Before the day concluded, Cohen began defense cross-examination.[248] On May 16, a Trump lawyer accused Cohen of lying that on October 26, 2016, he was on the phone with Trump's personal bodyguard, Keith Schiller英語Keith Schiller, and had him hand the phone to Trump, who then approved the hush-money deal. The defense cited phone records as showing that a series of prank call英語prank calls to Cohen had prompted him to contact Schiller for a call lasting one minute and 36 seconds, which Cohen defended as enough time to handle both matters.[249]

On May 20, during cross-examination, Cohen confirmed that around October 26, 2016, he helped Tiffany Trump regarding an extortion issue she faced. He said he was also working with David Pecker that month.[250] Cohen made two brief calls to Donald Trump on the morning of October 26,[251] which he said were about Daniels.[252] On January 27, 2017, Cohen told the Trump Organization he would no longer be working at Trump Tower because he was now Trump's "personal attorney".[253] On January 31, 2017, Weisselberg emailed Cohen with the subject: "Note and mortgage modification agreement for Trump Park Avenue英語Trump Park Avenue Condominium." Weisselberg asked Cohen to "prepare the agreement discussed" so Weisselberg could start sending monthly payments.[254] Cohen said that Donald Jr. and Eric Trump signed the checks "because they were the trustees".[255] In 2017, he received nine checks for $35,000 directly from Trump, plus two checks from the trust.[256] Cohen confirmed that he lied to Weisselberg about how much he had paid Red Finch, and that his false reimbursement request amounted to theft from the organization.[257][258][259][260] He said he lied in 2018 when he said that Trump had been unaware of the Daniels payment.[261] He said he had no income between his 2018 guilty plea[262] and the publication of his 2020 memoir英語Disloyal: A Memoir,[263] but that since then he had earned $4.4 million from podcasts and books.[264] Asked whether he has a "financial interest in the outcome of this case", Cohen said he expected to make more money if Trump was found not guilty, since "it gives me more to talk about".[265][266] He acknowledged that his name recognition comes from his frequent criticism of Trump and that he was even interested in running for Congress.[259]

Defense cross-examination of Cohen concluded on May 20. Cohen testified that the retainer agreement Weisselberg proposed he maintain with Trump to conceal the monthly reimbursements was fraudulent in nature.[267][243]

The defense pointed to occasions when Cohen did legal work, and said this was evidence that he was retained as a lawyer under a valid retainer agreement, as Cohen would not do legal work for free, nor would Trump pay in excess of reimbursements. Additionally, the defense pointed out that CFO Weisselberg requested from Cohen an agreement without suggesting it would be a fake agreement: 「please prepare the agreement we discussed so we can pay you monthly."[268][269][270]

The prosecution then conducted redirect examination英語redirect examination. The prosecution rested its case the same day.[271][272][273]

辯方證人[編輯]

The defense began its case on May 20, 2024, and rested its case on May 21 after calling two witnesses.[239][274] Trump did not testify.[275][註 1] On May 22, he stated that he did not testify because (1) he disagreed with Merchan's past rulings, (2) he was concerned about being questioned about his own past, and (3) there was "no case".[276][283][註 2]

The defense team had initially planned to call Bradley Smith英語Bradley Smith (law professor), a former chairman of the Federal Election Commission (FEC), as an expert witness on campaign finance law.[285] Smith had argued that the payments to Daniels were not campaign payments and not illegal.[286][287] However, on May 20, Judge Merchan ruled that Smith's testimony would be limited to "general definitions and terms" so as to not supplant the judge's role to determine what the law is.[288][289][註 3] As a result, the defense decided not to call Smith as a witness.[291][292] Trump then falsely stated that Merchan had not allowed Smith to be called,[293] and Smith wrote that the "judge's bias is very evident."[294]

Daniel Sitko[編輯]

On May 20, Daniel Sitko, a paralegal for Todd Blanche, provided testimony.[295] A chart of phone calls between Cohen and Robert Costello, the lawyer that Giuliani suggested Cohen hire in 2018, was submitted into evidence.[296]

Robert Costello[編輯]

On May 20, Robert Costello also testified.[297] Merchan admonished the witness for making comments on the stand objecting to rulings, staring at the judge, and rolling his eyes.[298]

On May 21, Costello was cross-examined by the prosecution.[299] Emails from Costello to his law partner Jeff Citron and Cohen were shown. In a May 2018 email to Citron, Costello said it was a goal to get Cohen "on the right page without giving him the appearance that we are following instructions from Giuliani or the president" and said he believed it was "the clear and correct strategy".[299][300] When asked if "the email speaks for itself" as he had asserted the day before, Costello said "Sometimes." He also wrote to Citron about Cohen, "What should I say to this asshole? He is playing with the most powerful man on the planet." (Cohen testified that Costello and Trump's campaign had attempted to pressure him to realign to their interests.)[299] In an email to Cohen, Costello wrote: "You are making a very big mistake if you believe the stories these 'journalists' are writing about you. They want you to cave. They want you to fail. They do not want you to persevere and succeed. If you really believe you are not being supported properly by your former boss, then you should make your opinion known."[299] The defense rested its case thereafter.[299]

結案陳詞與指示陪審團[編輯]

Later on May 21, arguments over jury instruction language were held.[299] Merchan announced that the jury would be excused until the beginning of summation英語Closing arguments on May 28.[299][275] Merchan stated that the closing arguments "will not be quick" and that he expected his final instructions to the jury to last an hour.[299] On Memorial Day, May 27, Trump complained that the prosecution would get the last word as "very unfair", though this is standard procedure in criminal trials where the state has the burden of proof.[301][註 4]

On May 28, the defense gave a three-hour closing argument.[305] Trump lawyer Todd Blanche claimed Trump had nothing to do with checks which were written by Trump's sons Donald Trump Jr. and Eric Trump.[306] Blanche questioned why prosecutors did not call Donald Jr. and Eric as witnesses despite their signing payment checks to Cohen.[306] Blanche also showed an email revealing that McConnery sought approval from both Donald Jr. and Eric.[306] Blanche alleged that it was Cohen's decision to make the hush-money payment and variously branded him a prolific liar.[306] Blanche sought to discredit Daniels' ambitions, noting (among other things) text messages between her manager and publicist Gina Rodriguez and Dylan Howard which showed that Howard believed Pecker would pay for her story shortly after the Access Hollywood tape was released.[306] Merchan admonished Blanche for telling the jury: "You cannot send someone to prison, you cannot convict somebody, based upon the words of Michael Cohen." Merchan said this type of comment is "highly inappropriate" and "not allowed"[307] because the jury is not supposed to consider the sentence.[308][309]

The same day, prosecution gave a four-hour and 41 minute closing argument.[306] Prosecutor Joshua Steinglass described Pecker's testimony as "utterly damning".[306] Steinglass noted that some key parts of Daniels' story were proven true[306] and noted that the defense appeared to acknowledge that Trump knew about the Daniels payment as early as 2017.[306] Steinglass stated that it made sense that Cohen was interested in the outcome of the case, noting that Trump dropped him "like a hot potato" when their relationship soured.[310] Steinglass argued that Cohen was Trump's "fixer" and that his knowledge was "limited to what actually happened".[306] It was noted that Cohen did not work for the Trump Organization's legal department and answered directly to Trump.[306] A footnote from the 2018 Office of Government Ethics英語Office of Government Ethics form was shown, which stated that "In 2016 expenses were incurred by one of Donald J. Trump's attorneys, Michael Cohen. Mr. Cohen sought reimbursement of those expenses and Mr. Trump fully reimbursed Mr. Cohen in 2017."[306] Steinglass went over phone conversations between Trump and Cohen regarding the hush-money payment and showed a December 2017 check to Cohen signed via Sharpie by Donald Trump,[306] arguing that the latter must have known the purpose of such checks, as his "entire business philosophy was and is to be involved in everything".[311] Steinglass cited a 2018 tweet by Trump in which he acknowledged that Cohen was reimbursed for an NDA via a retainer agreement, but said it had "nothing to do with the campaign".[311] Steinglass said the defense's characterization of the payments to Cohen was undermined by his lack of pay from Trump in 2018 despite Cohen doing legal work for him that year.[311] Steinglass further stated that the payment was made to "hoodwink the American voter".[306][312]

At the end of closing arguments, Merchan stated that jury instructions would be read on May 29 and were expected to last an hour.[306]

陪審團審議和裁決[編輯]

On May 28, though it is unclear what sentence Trump would receive if convicted, CBS reported that officials in state and federal agencies had begun preparing for possible incarceration.[313][314][315]

On May 29, the jury began deliberations.[316] A few hours in, they asked to hear a readback of about 30 minutes of testimony by Pecker and Cohen. This involved an August 2015 meeting between these two, Trump, and Hicks, in which Pecker pledged to be Trump's "eyes and ears" regarding negative stories about him; additionally, the jury wanted to hear Pecker's testimony regarding an alleged phone call from Trump in which the two discussed a rumor that McDougal had gone to another outlet to publish her story.[317][318][319] The readback is expected to be held when court convenes on May 30.[320]

各方反應[編輯]

輿論觀點[編輯]

特朗普支持者於4月4日在法院對面的活水湖英語Collect Pond集會

特朗普被正式起訴後,ABC新聞益普索於3月31日到4月1日間舉行民意調查,結果顯示多數美國人認為特朗普應該被控罪。具體而言,45%的受訪者認為特朗普應該被起訴,32%認為不應該,23%「拿不定主意」。調查也體現出共和民主兩黨的意見分裂,有88%的民主黨人認為特朗普應該被起訴,而共和黨只有16%的人這樣認為[321]。又根據CNN於3月31日到4月1日間的調查,60%的美國人同意起訴,76%的美國人認為起訴有政治動機[322]

特朗普本人[編輯]

特朗普認為起訴行動是政治迫害操控選舉[323]。他向支持者發出電子郵件,號召捐款,「保障我們的運動免受永無止境的獵巫」,又稱捐款會有「1500%的影響力」[324]。特朗普2024年大選競選團隊表示正式宣佈起訴不到24小時,就收到超過400萬美金的捐款[325],三天後捐款金額達700萬美元[74]

被起訴的第二天,特朗普批評主審法官胡安·默坎對自己有「成見」,「惡毒」對待其公司,又稱他已經在「強力威脅下」要求特朗普集團財務總監艾倫·魏塞爾貝格簽署認罪協議,但事實上魏塞爾貝格是和檢察官簽署認罪協議,這份協議也得到魏塞爾貝格的律師團隊和默坎接納[326]。特朗普又稱默坎是「白艾荣和檢察官親手挑選的」,但其實默坎是聿法庭隨機分配,檢察官沒有干涉權利[327][328]

共和黨人[編輯]

共和黨國會議員普遍譴責起訴行動,認為起訴行為前所未有,是將司法武器化。特朗普已經宣佈參加2024年大選,部分人認為起訴行動涉嫌干涉選舉[329]美國眾議院議長凱文·麥卡錫在推特表示,白艾荣試圖干涉其總統選舉,計劃對美國造成無法彌補的損害;經常釋放十惡不赦的罪犯,讓民眾陷入恐慌;把其神聖的司法體制用作武器對付總統當勞·特朗普;美國人民不能容忍這種不公正行為,眾議院會追究白艾荣前所未有濫用權力的責任[330][331]。在接受霍士新聞頻道採訪時,參議員林賽·格雷厄姆飽含熱淚懇求觀眾捐錢:「你們需要這人,當勞·J·特朗普。他們要把他抽乾……現在就去DonaldJTrump.com捐錢,他就能保護自己[332][333]。」

美國眾議院司法委員會主席吉姆·喬丹監督委員會英語House Oversight Committee主席占士·卡莫行政委員會英語House Administration Committee主席拜仁·斯泰爾分別向白艾荣發函,直言起訴書是「前所未有的濫用檢察權」,要求白艾荣在分別在三個委員會面前作證,並提交和調查相關的通訊記錄、文件和證言。三人隨後向白艾荣表示會考慮立法以保護前任/現任總統免受聯邦或地方官員政治迫害。針對三人的請求,白艾荣辦公室斥責他們「非法侵犯紐約主權」,指出有關正在調查案件的情報須按照聯邦法律保密[334][335]。據《紐約時報》和CNN報道,2023年2月,吉姆·喬丹向特朗普的律師喬·塔科皮納(Joe Tacopina)發出私人請求,要求調查白艾荣對特朗普採取的行動[336][337]。據CNN在3月28日報道,眾議院共和黨會議主席埃莉斯·史蒂芬尼克曾向特朗普簡報眾議院共和黨委員會的工作,包括委員會回應白艾荣的計劃[337]。眾議院監督委員會委員瑪喬麗·泰勒·格林承認向特朗普通報「我們所做的所有事情」,又指特朗普「看起來很瞭如指掌……有時候我對他知道這麼多東西感到震驚」[337]。此外吉姆·喬丹也對在白艾荣之前負責起訴特朗普的前檢察官馬克·F·波美蘭茨英語Mark F. Pomerantz發出傳票,要求他在4月19日參加國會聽證會[338]

特朗普的政敵也對起訴行為表示反對,其中宣佈競逐共和黨總統候選人提名的企業家維韋克·拉馬斯瓦米和前南卡羅萊納州州長妮基·黑利表態反對[339]。另一方面,有意參選總統的前阿肯色州州長阿薩·賀勤森對司法行動表示支持,但也認為選民有權選或不選特朗普當總統。他認為特朗普應該撤回總統提名,認為起訴行為是「分散視線」[340]。前副總統邁克·彭斯稱起訴行為是暴行和「政治迫害」[341]佛羅里達州州長朗·迪桑提斯表示佛州沒有協助將特朗普引渡到紐約州的法律[342][註 5]。向來反對特朗普的共和黨參議員羅姆尼表示,特朗普的性格及言行都不適合出任公職,但白艾荣把刑事重罪罪名加到特朗普身上太牽強,有政治動機。羅姆尼認為,白艾荣這次「想把政敵入罪,恐立下危險先例,也損傷民眾對司法體制的信任」[344]

民主黨人[編輯]

民主黨眾議員亞當·希夫在推特發文表示:「起訴前總統是前所未見的,但是特朗普的確參與了許多非法行為[345]。」在第一次當勞·特朗普彈劾案中,希夫擔任彈劾推動人英語impeachment manager#United States[346]。拜登政府表示不會公開討論事件。民主黨人認為起訴行為是在追究特朗普的法律責任[347][348]。共和黨眾議員瑪喬麗·泰勒·格林在紐約出席親特朗普集會時,被民主黨眾議員賈馬爾·鮑曼英語Jamaal Bowman大喊「滾出這裏!」[349]

其它觀點[編輯]

霍士紐約第五台英語Fox 5 New York記者琳達·施密特(Linda Schmidt)在曼克頓刑事法院前作現場報道

起訴行動也帶出一些從未有過的複雜法律問題[350][351]。法律專家向《紐約時報》表示起訴書中涉及聯邦競選法的偽造商業紀錄指控前所未見,以前的聯邦選舉案件沒有出現過這樣的罪名[350]美聯社認為,起訴書有些複雜的法律問題,辯方可以以此來辯駁[351]

現任或前任霍士新聞頻道主持人肖恩·漢尼提格林·貝克塔克·卡森對起訴行動感到憤怒和擔憂。特朗普被正式起訴前,幾位主持人在主權投票系統訴霍士新聞頻道英語Dominion Voting Systems v. Fox News中譴責特朗普的短訊被公開[352]。《衛報》的大衛·史密斯(David Smith)認為特朗普一直擅長扮演受害者,以此扭轉相關指控,這種策略經常是和支持者群體配合[353]

英國的《金融時報愛德華·盧斯英語Edward Luce對起訴行動在對特別法律顧問史密斯的調查英語Smith special counsel investigation結束前啟動表示失望,認為起訴行動是既不嚴肅,也不是「憑直覺一眼看出」的法律技術,就和指控特朗普煽動叛亂、密謀推翻2020年美國總統選舉結果差不多[354]。法學教授李察·黑斯英語Richard L. Hasen認為從法律和事實層面看,目前對特朗普的聯邦調查比對史密斯的調查更強硬[178]

雖然起訴書已經公開,但負責案件的地區檢察官的「具體法律理由」沒有公佈,既沒有說明「每項罪名是如何升級為重罪的」,也沒有「具體說明潛在的罪行」。雖然法律沒有要求明確說明,律師肯·懷特英語Popehat和法學教授李察·克萊因(Richard Klein)認為這樣做很難評估案件背後的法律價值[178][355]

紐約霍夫斯特拉大學法學教授雅羅·謝夫斯基(Ellen Yaroshefsky)說,檢察官要證明虛假商業紀錄是蓄意用來影響選舉恐怕會遭遇困難。加州大學洛杉磯分校法學教授理查·哈森英語Richard L. Hasen在網上雜誌Slate寫道,檢察官必須證明特朗普很清楚自己這筆款項有違競選財務法,而證明一個人的意圖向來很棘手。[356]

華盛頓郵報》專欄作家、哈佛法學院博士露絲·馬高斯英語Ruth Marcus (journalist)認為起訴書「令人焦慮地未闡釋清楚,而且它所根據的理論,說好聽點是可爭辯的,說難聽點是令人不安地薄弱」,露絲形容這場起訴就像是在高空繩索上的一個危險跳躍。[357]

前特朗普政府的國安顧問、特朗普的最大反對者約翰·博爾頓CNN稱,起訴內容「比我憂心的還要薄弱。對一個最不願看到特朗普取得共和黨總統提名的人來說,這份文件讓我心情無比低落。我認為此案可輕易被駁回,或讓特朗普很快獲判無罪。」[356]

美國聯邦調查局代理局長英語Deputy Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation安德魯·麥卡比告訴CNN,起訴書「讓人失望」。他表示,這起紮紮實實的輕罪案是因「蓄意隱瞞另一起罪行」才導致加重成為重罪案,檢方卻未提供「法律論述」來說明要隱瞞的罪行到底是什麼。「如果我們的法律朋友看到這份起訴書,卻看不到重罪的理由,就很難說服陪審團會做出犯下重罪的結論。」[356]

英國《金融時報》的約書亞·查芬(Joshua Chaffin)稱持懷疑態度的人士將特朗普的案件與總統候選人約翰·愛德華茲婚外情醜聞英語John Edwards extramarital affair聯繫起來,因為愛德華茲也曾說自己支付封口費不是為了自己的選情,而是為了保護病入膏肓的妻子,所以兩者性質相同[72]

吉姆·喬丹等人向白艾荣發函要求前往眾議院作證後,白艾荣於4月11日控告吉姆·喬丹干涉司法。白艾荣代表律師請求法官禁止吉姆·喬丹和眾院司法委員會發出傳票。法官則拒絕立刻發出臨時禁制令,而是要求吉姆·喬丹律師在4月17日對此做出回應,並在19日舉行庭審聽取雙方說詞。[338]

假消息和陰謀論[編輯]

特朗普被起訴後,啤令貓創辦人艾略特·希金斯英語Eliot Higgins利用AI圖像引擎Midjourney畫了一幅特朗普被捕的圖片,被社交媒體用戶當成真圖廣傳[358]

起訴書下達後,匿名者QTelegram賬號開始發出「當局早有預謀」、「一場風暴向我們襲來」的帖文,認為這是「深層政府」的陰謀[180]。也有陰謀論認為白艾荣是大富翁喬治·索羅斯雇來的,這種說法得到特朗普本人、朗·迪桑提斯、參議員J·D·范斯羅恩·詹森、德州州長格雷格·阿博特、眾議院安娜·保利娜·盧納保羅·戈薩爾轉發,其中戈薩爾稱白艾荣是「索羅斯的區域檢察官」[359]。需要指出的是,索羅斯的確向進步主義刑事司法改革英語criminal justice reform組織變革之色英語Color of Change捐款,變革之色也的確為白艾荣的競選活動獻金;但索羅斯並未接觸過白艾荣,也是唯一一個獻金的人[360][361]。有特朗普支持者向索羅斯和變革之色發出威脅,特朗普旗下的Truth Social有人提出武裝保護海湖莊園,但未見實質行動[180]

其他案件[編輯]

除了上述提到的案件,特朗普還有以下案件正被調查:

另外在4月25日[363],一位匿名陪審團成員[364]將聽取紐約州對E·讓·卡羅爾對當勞·特朗普的訴訟英語E. Jean Carroll litigation against Donald Trump的庭審。

註釋[編輯]

  1. ^ On April 12, 2024, Trump stated that he would "absolutely" testify.[276] On April 26, Trump stated he would testify "if it's necessary."[277] On May 2, Trump falsely claimed that the gag order prevented him from testifying.[276] Merchan clarified the next morning that Trump had a constitutional right to testify,[278] later asking Blanche on May 14 and May 16 whether Trump would do so.[279][280] On May 20, during a lunch recess, Blanche stated "there is a likelihood that we will rest today" indicating that Trump would likely not testify.[277] On May 21, at a press conference following closing arguments, Trump declined to discuss his decision not to testify.[281] In criminal trials, intentionally delaying the revelation of a defendant's decision to testify until the latest possible juncture is a common strategic legal maneuver as maintaining such tactical ambiguity may influence the direction of the trial.[282] Criminal defendants often do not testify in their own defense due to the increased legal risks.[282]
  2. ^ Trump has previously declined to testify in matters that could pose legal or political risks.[284] In criminal trials, defendants are not obligated to testify, juries are instructed not to draw any inferences from a defendant's decision not to testify, and prosecutors cannot comment on a defendant's decision not to testify.[284]
  3. ^ Merchan ruled that Bradley Smith may give testimony on the "general background as to what the Federal Campaign Commission is, background as to who makes up the FEC, what the FEC’s function is, what laws, if any, the FEC is responsible for enforcing, and general definitions and terms that relate directly to this case".[290] Smith was prohibited from mentioning "there had never been a case in which anyone had been convicted of a federal campaign finance law violation for the making of 『hush money payments'" and from discussing "that the FEC dismissed the complaint against defendant and the DOJ decided against prosecuting defendant for potential FECA violations" due to irrelevance.[290] In February 2024, prosecutors pointed out that Smith had previously been barred from testifying for the defense in two unrelated federal cases in Manhattan where the defense had improperly sought to have Smith interpret campaign finance law for the jury: United States v. Bankman-Fried英語United States v. Bankman-Fried and United States v. Suarez.[289]
  4. ^ On Memorial Day, May 28, 2024, Trump questioned the order of closing arguments via Truth Social writing, "Why Is The Corrupt Government Allowed To Make The Final Argument In The Case Against Me? Why Can't The Defense Go Last? Big Advantage, Very Unfair. Witch Hunt!".[302] Following the closing arguments, Trump again complained writing "CAN YOU IMAGINE THAT I, AS A DEFENDANT, AM NOT ALLOWED TO REBUT OR CORRECT THE MANY LIES TOLD DURUNG THE 5 HOUR FILIBUSTER JUST PUT ON BY THE SOROS BACKED D.A.’s OFFICE IN THE MANHATTAN COURT."[303] In criminal trials, the order of presentation for closing arguments is reversed from that of opening statements, allowing the defense to present their closing summations first, followed by the prosecution.[304] The prosecution typically get an opportunity to deliver a rebuttal during closings because burden of proof lies with them, not the defense.[304]
  5. ^ 據美國最高法在波多黎各訴布蘭斯塔德案英語Puerto Rico v. Branstad(1987年)中的裁決,根據美國憲法第四條,州長不可以拒絕其他州的引渡請求,聯邦法庭可以在有需要的時候進行引渡。[343]

參考資料[編輯]

  1. ^ Pompilio, Katherine. New York Supreme Court Judge Allows Public Disclosure of Trump Indictment. Lawfare英語Lawfare (website). 2023-03-31 [2023-03-31]. (原始內容存檔於2023-03-31). 
  2. ^ Protess, Ben; Bromwich, Jonah E.; Rashbaum, William K. Grand Jury Votes to Indict Donald Trump in New York: Live Updates - Mr. Trump will be the first former president to face criminal charges. The precise charges are not yet known, but the case is focused on a hush-money payment to a porn star during his 2016 campaign.. The New York Times. 2023-03-30 [2023-03-30]. (原始內容存檔於2023-03-30). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Jacobs, Shayna; Berman, Mark; Alemany, Jacqueline; Dawsey, Josh. Trump indicted by N.Y. grand jury, first ex-president charged with crime. The Washington Post. 2023-03-30 [2023-03-30]. (原始內容存檔於2023-03-30). 
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  5. ^ Katersky, Aaron. Trump live updates: Trump indicted by Manhattan grand jury, sources say. ABC News. 2023-03-30 [2023-03-30]. 
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  129. ^ Sisak, Michael R. Trump to get schooled on rules after district attorney worries he'll use evidence to slam witnesses. Associated Press. 2023-05-12. (原始內容存檔於2023-05-11). 
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  135. ^ Derysh, Igor. "Intimidating the judge": Expert says Trump Truth Social post put a "target" on judge's daughter. Salon. 2024-03-26 [2024-03-26] (英語). 
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  149. ^ Judge reschedules hearing on Trump social media posts prosecutors allege violate gag order. CNN. 2024-04-15 [2024-04-15] (英語). 
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  156. ^ Michael R. Sisak; Jennifer Peltz; Eric Tucker. Trump's historic hush-money trial gets underway; 1st day ends without any jurors being picked. Associated Press News. 2024-04-15. 
  157. ^ These are the questions potential jurors could be asked. CNN. 2024-04-15 [2024-04-15] (英語). 
  158. ^ Kates, Graham. More than 500 New Yorkers set to be considered as jurors in Trump's 'hush money' trial. CBS News. 2024-04-05 [2024-04-06] (美國英語). 
  159. ^ No Jurors Picked on First Day of Trump's Manhattan Criminal Trial. New York Times. 2024-04-15 [2024-04-15]. 
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  165. ^ Jury selection for alternates will continue tomorrow. CNN. 2024-04-18 [2024-04-18] (英語). 
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  188. ^ Doyle, Katherine. What you missed on Day 8 of Trump's trial: New witnesses and contact info for Stormy Daniels and Karen McDougal. NBC News. 2024-04-26 [2024-04-29]. (原始內容存檔於2024-04-29) (英語). 
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  193. ^ Thompson's company subpoenaed for video and transcript of Trump deposition in E. Jean Carroll case. CNN. 2024-04-30 [2024-05-04]. (原始內容存檔於2024-05-04) (英語). 
  194. ^ We're taking a break as DA's office is trying to get hold of the C-SPAN archivist to testify again. CNN. 2024-05-20 [2024-05-20] (英語). 
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  199. ^ "I don't believe a word really that you say," Davidson told Cohen after delay of Daniels' payment. CNN. 2024-04-30 [2024-05-03]. (原始內容存檔於2024-05-01) (英語). 
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  201. ^ Fitzpatrick, Sarah; Connor, Tracy. Michael Cohen used Trump company email in Stormy Daniels arrangements. NBC. 2024-04-30 [2024-05-03]. (原始內容存檔於2024-04-30). 
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  215. ^ Trump tried to hide news of alleged affair from wife, former aide testifies. The Telegraph. 2024-05-03 [2024-05-03]. (原始內容存檔於2024-05-03) (英語). 
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  217. ^ Shuham, Matt. Trump Thought 'Access Hollywood' Dialogue Was 'Pretty Standard Stuff,' Hope Hicks Recalls. HuffPost. 2024-04-30 [2024-05-03]. (原始內容存檔於2024-05-04) (英語). 
  218. ^ Shuham, Matt. 'This Was A Crisis,' Hope Hicks Says Of 'Access Hollywood' Tape. HuffPost. 2024-04-30 [2024-05-03] (英語). 
  219. ^ Hush money trial live updates: Former Trump senior aide Hope Hicks takes the witness stand. NBC News. 2024-05-03 [2024-05-03] (英語). 
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  232. ^ Feuerherd, Ben. The trial returned from the lunchbreak.... Politico. 2024-05-09 [2024-05-21]. 
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  236. ^ Woodward, Alex. Ex-White House 'gatekeeper' cries on stand as she testifies about Trump firing her. The Independent. 2024-05-09 [2024-05-10]. 
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  240. ^ AP. Michael Cohen Directly Implicates Trump in Testimony. Time. 2024-05-13 [2024-05-24] (英語). 
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  251. ^ Cohen made 2 calls to Trump on October 26. CNN. 2024-05-20 [2024-05-20] (英語). 
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外部連結[編輯]